A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles (excluding pure water), with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 micrometers and residing in the atmosphere for at least several hours.

A branch of ecology that investigates the possibilities of agricultural production in accordance with laws of ecology.

Agroforestry is the term for land-use systems and technologies in which woody perennials (such as trees, shrubs, palms or bamboos) and agricultural crops or animals are deliberately grown on the same parcel of land in some form of spatial and temporal arrangement.

Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System

The farming of aquatic (freshwater or saltwater) organisms, such as fish, molluscs, crustaceans and plants, for human use or consumption, under controlled conditions.

It implies some form of intervention in the natural rearing process to enhance production, including regular stocking, feeding and protection from predators. 

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage.

Members of a group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the kingdom Protista. Algae have many types of life cycles, and they range in size from microscopic Micromonas species to giant kelps that reach 60 metres in length.

An approach to solving multi-functionality problems. It refers to “partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system under study and one or more other product systems”.

Any product that can replace a similar animal-based product that can originate from a broad range of sources such as plants, fungi, and microorganisms.

Process in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.

The attributional life cycle depicts the potential environmental impacts that can be attributed to a system (e.g. a product) over its life cycle, i.e. upstream along the supply-chain and downstream following the system's use and end-of-life value chain.

Organisms that build complex organic compounds using inorganic molecules and light or inorganic chemical reactions.

Transakcije između poduzeća (npr. proizvođač i veletrgovac).

Transakcije između poduzeća i krajnjih potrošača (pojedinaca koji kupuju za privatne svrhe).

Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking

Stvarna požnjevena proizvodnja s polja, iz voćnjaka i vrtova, isključujući gubitke pri žetvi i vršidbi, kao i onaj dio uroda koji iz bilo kojeg razloga nije požnjeven. Proizvodnja, dakle, uključuje količine robe prodane na tržištu (tržišna proizvodnja) i količine koje su potrošili ili upotrijebili sami proizvođači (vlastita potrošnja).

Plastic derived from biomass.

A product wholly or partly derived from biomass.

Central and Eastern European Initiative for Knowledge-Based Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry in the Bioeconomy

A methyl ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel in diesel engines.

Energy made available by the combustion of materials derived from biological sources.

Bioenergija s hvatanjem i skladištenjem ugljika, ili BECCS, uključuje hvatanje i trajno skladištenje iz procesa u kojima se biomasa pretvara u goriva ili izravno spaljuje radi dobivanja energije. Budući da biljke apsorbiraju dok rastu, ovo je način uklanjanja iz atmosfere.

Ethanol produced from biomass.

Proizvedeni od strane živih organizama ili biološkim procesima.

Formulacija mikroorganizama, uglavnom bakterija, gljiva ili cijanobakterija, koja primjenom na biljke ili tlo pomaže u poboljšanju rasta, razvoja biljaka i kvalitete tla.

Liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass.

It encompasses all sectors and systems that rely on biological resources (animals, plants, microorganisms and biomass derived from these sources, including organic waste), their functions and principles.

It encompasses and interconnects terrestrial and marine ecosystems and their services, all primary production sectors that use and produce biological resources (agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture), and all economic and industrial sectors where biological resources and processes are used to produce food, feed, products derived from biological raw materials, energy and services.

The term describes trends in advanced economies towards greater dependence on knowledge, information and high skill levels, and the increasing need for ready access to all of these by the business and public sectors.

The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues of biological origin from agriculture, including vegetal and animal substances, from forestry and related industries, fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of waste, including industrial and municipal waste of biological origin.

Source

Materijal koji se koristi u kontaktu sa živim tkivima, organizmima ili mikroorganizmima.

Poznat i kao "obnovljivi prirodni plin"; izvor metana visoke čistoće dobiven ili "pročišćavanjem" bioplina (uklanjanjem i nečistoća) ili uplinjavanjem krute biomase.

Waste containing carbon compounds derived from animal and plant materials.

Pesticidi koji potječu od živih organizama, za razliku od sintetskih koji nastaju kemijskom sintezom.

A mixture of methane and CO2 produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter and used as fuel.

Polimer sastavljen od monomera proizvedenih iz obnovljivih sirovina (npr. kukuruz). Alternativna definicija uključuje sve biološki proizvedene polimere poput DNK, RNK i proteina.

A concept of a processing plant where biomass is converted and extracted into a spectrum of valuable products.

It is completely biodegradable (compostable) without leaving any residue.

It can be made from renewable materials and fossil fuels, as well as mixtures of the two.

Capability of being degraded by biological activity.

Biorazgradivu plastiku razgrađuju prirodni mikroorganizmi poput bakterija i gljivica u vodu, biomasu i plinove kao što su ugljični dioksid i metan.

Variability among living organisms of different origins, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part.

It includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

Bilo koji uređaj ili sustav koji podržava biološki aktivno okruženje.

Aktivni proces detoksikacije zagađenog okoliša korištenjem metabolizma mikroba (za razliku od prirodnog ublažavanja koje se odvija bez ljudske intervencije).

Proizvodnja kemijskih spojeva iz jednostavnijih tvari putem reakcija koje se obično odvijaju u živim stanicama.

Surfaktanti (površinski aktivne tvari) dobiveni iz biomase. To su molekule koje se sastoje od hidrofilnog dijela (koji privlači vodu) i hidrofobnog dijela (koji odbija vodu).

Primjena znanosti i tehnologije na žive organizme, njihove dijelove ili modele, radi proizvodnje znanja, dobara i usluga. Dijeli se na: crvenu (medicinska i farmaceutska), zelenu (poljoprivredno-prehrambena), bijelu (industrijska i okolišna) i plavu (morska biotehnologija).

Liquid fuels made from biomass used for energy purposes other than transport.

Dobiven iz biomase.

Ugljik dobiven iz biomase.

Prema Tehničkom izvješću 15392, koje je izradio tehnički odbor CEN/TC 249 Europskog odbora za normizaciju (CEN) u kolovozu 2009. godine, „bio-temeljena plastika” je plastika dobivena iz biomase.

Bio-temeljeni proizvodi izrađeni su od obnovljivih, bioloških sirovina kao što su biljke i drveće.

Za tekstil se pojam „bio-temeljen” odnosi na podrijetlo ugljičnog kostura polimera vlakna i na to potječe li on iz obnovljivog izvora.

Biougljen je tvar nalik drvenom ugljenu koja nastaje izgaranjem organskog materijala iz poljoprivrednog i šumarskog otpada u kontroliranom procesu koji se naziva piroliza (Spears 2018.). To je tamni ostatak koji u tlu može opstati tisućama godina i bogat je pirogenim ugljikom.

Vodik iz biomase, koji se naziva i „bio-vodik”, danas se odnosi samo na vodik proizveden reformiranjem biometana vodenom parom, izostavljajući brojne zanimljive putove pretvorbe biomase u vodik, kao što su uplinjavanje, biološki procesi i drugi.

Vodena tijela sa salinitetom između morske i slatke vode.

Circular Bio-Based Europe Joint Undertaking

Polimer glukoze, najzastupljeniji polimer na Zemlji.

Formalni postupak kojim ovlaštena osoba ili agencija provjerava i potvrđuje svojstva, kvalitetu ili status subjekta, proizvoda ili procesa.

Skupina fotosintetskih mikroba (modrozelene alge) koje se nalaze u većini kopnenih voda i mogu značajno utjecati na kvalitetu vode i ekosustava. Neke se koriste kao hrana, gnojiva ili zdravstveni proizvodi.

Seventeen global goals for sustainable development (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, are new, universal goals and indicators that are expected to be used by members of the United Nations in the creation of their programmes and policies in the next fifteen years.

The Community Research and Development Information Service is the European Commission’s primary source for the results of projects funded by the EU’s framework programmes for research and innovation, from FP1 to Horizon Europe.

Model u kojem su proizvodi dizajnirani tako da se na kraju života mogu ponovno upotrijebiti ili reciklirati, potpuno izbjegavajući odlagališta.

Djelomični opskrbni lanac, od vađenja sirovina do "vrata" tvornice (bez distribucije i faze korištenja).

Cijeli životni ciklus proizvoda koji uključuje vađenje sirovina, preradu, distribuciju, korištenje i odlaganje ili recikliranje.

Nusproizvod industrije kemijske i polukemijske drvne celuloze.

Čestice čađe nastale nepotpunim izgaranjem fosilnih goriva i biomase. Zagrijava Zemlju upijanjem topline u atmosferi i smanjenjem albeda (sposobnosti refleksije) kada se taloži na snijegu i ledu.

Deforestation is the removal of forests in order to convert forests and forest land for other purposes.

European Innovation Partnerships are partnerships that bring together relevant parties at EU, national and regional levels to streamline, simplify and better coordinate existing financial instruments and initiatives. They focus on challenges that can benefit society, modernise sectors and markets.

An ecosystem is an area inhabited by organisms and their communities, where primary biomass is continuously created, and then consumed and decomposed by heterotrophic consumers.

Metrička mjera koja se koristi za usporedbu emisija različitih stakleničkih plinova na temelju njihovog potencijala globalnog zagrijavanja, pretvarajući količine drugih plinova u ekvivalentnu količinu ugljikovog dioksida.

Količina emisije ugljikovog dioksida koja bi imala jednak učinak na određenu ključnu mjeru klimatskih promjena, tijekom određenog vremenskog horizonta, kao emitirana količina nekog drugog stakleničkog plina (GHG) ili mješavine drugih stakleničkih plinova.

Faktor izveden iz modela karakterizacije koji se primjenjuje za pretvaranje dodijeljenog toka emisija u zajedničku jedinicu indikatora kategorije utjecaja.

Metoda prikupljanja mikroalgi.

One annual work unit, abbreviated as AWU, corresponds to the work performed by one person who is occupied on an agricultural holding on a full-time basis.

Ribolovne operacije koje uključuju ulov divlje ribe, bilo u slatkovodnim ili morskim vodama.

Also known as aquaculture feeds, aquafeeds are feeds used to farm aquatic species.

Termin CCUS zapravo obuhvaća lanac tehnologija, pri čemu je svaki korak (hvatanje, transport, korištenje i/ili skladištenje) neovisan o ostalima i sadrži nekoliko podtehnoloških opcija.

Hvatanje: izdvajanje emisija iz različitih izvora; transport: kretanje od mjesta hvatanja do mjesta skladištenja ili korištenja; korištenje: pretvaranje uhvaćenog u vrijedne proizvode, npr. koristeći ga kao sirovinu za goriva, kemikalije ili građevinske materijale; skladištenje: trajno skladištenje u kopnenim i podmorskim podzemnim geološkim formacijama.

Joint Research Centre

Izračun veličine doprinosa svakog ulaza/izlaza njihovim kategorijama utjecaja (npr. izračunavanje koliko doprinosi klimatskim promjenama).

Narančasti fotosintetski pigment važan za proces fotosinteze.

Efficient utilisation of resources by using residues and recycled materials for material use to extend total biomass availability within a given system.

The cascading use of wood takes place when wood is processed into a product and this product is used at least once more either for material or energy purposes.

In a single stage cascade, wood is processed into a product and this product is used once more for energy purposes. In a multi-stage cascade, wood is processed into a product and this product is used at least once more in material form before disposal or recovery for energy purposes.

Osnovne kemikalije koje služe kao baza za složenije proizvode (npr. monomeri mliječne kiseline za proizvodnju PLA plastike).

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of climatic factors over a time period of ten to a million years.

Bilo koja od dvije ili više funkcija koje proizlaze iz istog jediničnog procesa ili sustava proizvoda.

Obično istovremena proizvodnja topline u obliku pare i energije u obliku električne struje. Kogeneracijska postrojenja mogu pretvoriti mnogo veći udio energije iz goriva u konačni autput.

Svako mjesto ili regija koja je oštećena, ugrožena ili učinjena neprikladnom za uporabu uvođenjem neželjenih tvari, posebice mikroorganizama, kemikalija, toksičnih ili radioaktivnih materijala i otpada.

Atribut ili aspekt prirodnog okoliša, ljudskog zdravlja ili resursa koji identificira ekološki problem koji izaziva zabrinutost.

Specifikacija količine protoka materijala ili energije, ili razine okolišnog značaja povezanog s jediničnim procesima ili sustavom proizvoda, koji se isključuju iz istraživanja.

The circular economy is a model of production and consumption that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing products and materials for as long as possible in order to create additional, long-lasting value for the product.

This extends the lifespan of the product and at the same time reduces the amount of waste.

A value chain is a set of activities necessary to produce goods or services.

The value chain is all the activities and processes within a company that help add value to the final product.

Land use, land-use change and forestry

The greenhouse gas inventory sector covering emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities.

Divlji organizmi (npr. kozice ili losos) uhvaćeni radi rasploda.

Any improvement of agricultural practices leading, in a sustainable manner, to an increase in yields of food and feed crops on land that is already used for the cultivation of food and feed crops; and any action that enables the cultivation of food and feed crops on unused land, including abandoned land, for the production of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.

Poznato i kao modeliranje "usmjereno na promjene" ili "utemeljeno na odlukama". Cilj mu je identificirati posljedice koje odluka u primarnom sustavu ima na druge procese i ekonomske sustave. Umjesto odražavanja stvarnog lanca opskrbe, modelira se hipotetski generički lanac temeljen na tržišnim mehanizmima.

All biomass of living vegetation, both woody and herbaceous, above the soil including stems, stumps, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.

The area grazed is the total area of pastures owned, rented or otherwise allocated to the agricultural holding on which animals were kept for grazing during the reference year. It includes all grasslands that are grazed, independent if they are temporary or permanent nature.

Biofuels that are produced from the feedstock listed in Part A of Annex IX, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.

An incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction, and not the primary product or service being produced. It can be useful and marketable, or it can have negative ecological consequences.

Residues are classified into four main subcategories: agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, and processing residues.

Processing residues are substances that are not the end product(s) that a production process directly seeks to produce. 

The wood left in the forest after forestry logging operations, which includes woody debris from final felling (e.g. branches, leaves, stumps, roots, tops, bark), small trees from thinning and clearing operations, and generally un-merchantable stem wood.

Arable land is land worked (ploughed or tilled) regularly, generally under a system of crop rotation.

Obuhvaća prodaju, promjene u razinama zaliha te biljne proizvode koji se koriste kao stočna hrana, za preradu ili za vlastitu konačnu upotrebu od strane proizvođača.

Trenutak u vremenu kada je bioenergetski sustav istisnuo istu količinu fosilnog ugljika koja bi bila apsorbirana u šumi da ista nije posječena za bioenergiju.

Primjena znanosti i tehnologije na morske organizme i njihovu biomasu radi stvaranja novih proizvoda i usluga.

Uključuje gospodarske aktivnosti koje su utemeljene na moru (ribarstvo, akvakultura…) ili povezane s morem (prerada plodova mora, brodogradnja, lučke aktivnosti, pomorsko osiguranje i nadzor).

Praksa izmjene usjeva na određenom polju u planiranom slijedu kako se ista vrsta ne bi uzgajala uzastopno.

Sva biomasa živog korijenja. Fino korijenje promjera manjeg od 2 mm isključeno je jer se često ne može empirijski razlikovati od organske tvari u tlu ili šumske prostirke (opalog lišća).

Biljke koje se siju na obradivom zemljištu prvenstveno radi smanjenja gubitka tla i nutrijenata tijekom zime, a ne radi žetve.

Agricultural area, describes the area already used for farming, or that could be brought back into cultivation using the resources normally available on an agricultural holding. It includes: arable land, permanent grassland, permanent crops, kitchen gardens.

The main indicator for agricultural income is the 'factor income per labour input' expressed in annual work units (AWU).

An agricultural holding is a single unit operating under a single management, which undertakes agricultural activities within the economic territory of the European Union, either as its primary or secondary activity.

Material input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but which does not constitute part of the product.

Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was under a different land use, implies a transformation of land use form non-forest to forest.

Theoretical biomass potential: The maximum over time non-declining amount of biomass which can be theoretically extracted on a long term basis within fundamental bio-physical limits.

Technical biomass potential: Biomass potential that is available under the current infrastructure conditions and with the current technological possibilities.
It can be temporarily higher than the theoretical potential in the short term; it must, however, respect its constraints.

Economic biomass potential: A fraction of the technical potential that meets the criteria of economic profitability within the given framework conditions using existing infrastructure and technology available in that location.

Biomass implementation potential: The potential that can be implemented within a certain time frame and under concrete socio-political framework conditions, including economic, institutional and social constraints and policy incentives. It can be higher than the economic potential; it must respect the constraints of the theoretical potential.

It is the area that corresponds to the total sown area, but after the harvest it excludes ruined areas (e.g. due to natural disasters).

Odnosi se na one procese u životnom ciklusu proizvoda za koje nije moguć izravan pristup informacijama. Na primjer, većina procesa koji prethode proizvodnji (upstream) i općenito svi procesi koji slijede nakon proizvodnje (downstream) smatrat će se dijelom pozadinskih procesa.

The food system encompasses all materials, processes and infrastructure related to agriculture, trade, retail, transportation and consumption of food products.

Nenamjeran ulov organizama koji nisu bili cilj ribolova (npr. druge vrste riba, morski sisavci, ptice), a koji se ili bacaju natrag ili prodaju.

All roundwood felled or otherwise harvested and removed. It comprises all wood obtained from removals, i.e., the quantities removed from forests and from trees outside the forest, including wood recovered due to natural mortality and from felling and logging.

It includes all wood removed with or without bark, including wood removed in its round form, or split, roughly squared or in other form, e.g., branches, roots, stumps and burls (where these are harvested) and wood that is roughly shaped or pointed.

Crops that come directly from the land and without having undergone any real processing, apart from cleaning. They maintain all the biological qualities they had when they were still on the plants. Certain primary crops can be aggregated, with their actual weight, into totals offering meaningful figures on area, yield, production and utilization; for example, cereals, roots and tubers, nuts, vegetables and fruits. Other primary crops can be aggregated only in terms of one or the other component common to all of them. For example, primary crops of the oil-bearing group can be aggregated in terms of oil or oil cake equivalent.

Primary crops are divided into temporary (annual) and permanent (multi-annual) crops.

Temporary crops are those which are both sown and harvested during the same agricultural year, sometimes more than once; permanent crops are sown or planted once and not replanted after each annual harvest.

Prosječna količina proizvoda dobivena po jedinici površine (ili po stablu kod drvenastih kultura).

Measurement of algal growth expressed as weight of dried algae per square meter per day.

The European Commission’s Standing Committee on Agricultural Research

Carbon sequestration is a term used to define the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This process occurs naturally through plant growth and photosynthesis and absorption from the ocean and soil.

Komponenta klimatskog sustava koja ima kapacitet skladištenja, akumulacije ili otpuštanja ugljika. Npr. oceani, tlo, atmosfera i šume.

A mixture of solid and liquid animal excrement.

It can be mixed with bedding, which consists of straw, hay, corn husks, sawdust and other similar additives.

Metoda proizvodnje koja se koristi za izradu acelularnih proizvoda (organske molekule poput proteina i masti bez živog materijala, npr. fermentacijom) ili celularnih proizvoda (uzgojenih iz stanica životinjskih tkiva in vitro).

Animal output comprises the sales, changes in stock levels, and the products used for processing and own final use by the producers.

Lighthouses are individual sites, such as farms or parks, where scientifically proven good practices and solutions are demonstrated. Lighthouses can also be individual locations that are part of “living labs”.

These are places for exchange and knowledge sharing among peers. Good practices are further tested in real-life conditions to encourage other practitioners to move towards sustainable soil and land management.

A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is one of the most well-known and most commonly used analyses. It is almost always created when developing strategies, strategic studies and business plans. 

Primary forestry residues are the residues that are left after logging operations (branches, stumps, treetops, bark, sawdust, etc.). Same as logging residues (see “logging residues” in the glossary).

Secondary forestry residues are by-products and co-products of industrial wood-processing operations (bark, sawmill slabs, sawdust, wood chips, etc.).

Net zero carbon emissions to the atmosphere by balancing the amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset in comparison to the reference scenario.

Neto nula emisija ugljika u atmosferu tijekom procesa proizvodnje energije (isključujući infrastrukturu).

Svaka praksa ili proces, koji se provodi tijekom razdoblja od najmanje pet godina, povezan s upravljanjem kopnom ili obalom, a koji rezultira hvatanjem i privremenim skladištenjem atmosferskog i biogenog ugljika u biogene spremnike ugljika ili smanjenjem emisija iz tla.

Početna emisija CO₂ iz šumske bioenergije kada je ona veća od emisija iz referentnog fosilnog sustava. Naziva se dugom jer ponovni rast šume u kombinaciji s kontinuiranom zamjenom fosilnih goriva može, s vremenom, "otplatiti" taj dug.

Mjera ukupne količine emisije ugljikovog dioksida i metana definirane populacije, sustava ili aktivnosti, uzimajući u obzir sve relevantne izvore, ponore i skladištenje unutar prostornih i vremenskih granica.

Skladištenje atmosferskog ili biogenog ugljika u geološke spremnike, biogene spremnike, dugotrajne proizvode i materijale, te morski okoliš ili smanjenje ispuštanja ugljika iz biogenog spremnika u atmosferu.

These are ligneous crops, meaning trees or shrubs, not grown in rotation, but yielding harvests for several (usually more than five) consecutive years.

Permanent crops mainly consist of fruit trees, berry plantations, shrubs, vineyards and olive trees.

Permanent crops are usually intended for human consumption and generally yield a higher added value per hectare than annual crops. They also play an important role in shaping the rural landscape (through orchards, vineyards and olive tree plantations) and helping to balance agriculture within the environment.

Impact category that addresses impacts due to acidifying substances in the environment. Emissions of NO_x, NH₃ and SO_x lead to releases of hydrogen ions (H⁺) when the gases are mineralised. The protons contribute to the acidification of soils and water, resulting in forest decline and lake acidification.

Količina ugljika u spremniku ugljika.

Područje koje odgovara ukupnoj zasijanoj površini za proizvodnju određene poljoprivredne kulture tijekom dane godine.

Površina koja odgovara ukupnoj zasijanoj površini, ali nakon žetve/berbe isključuje uništene površine (npr. uslijed prirodnih nepogoda).

It represents the goal of the European Green Deal, which is to make Europe climate neutral by 2050, boost the economy through green technology, create sustainable industry and transport, and cut pollution.

Turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities will make the transition just and inclusive for all.

Living labs are sites used for experimenting in the field. These are collaborative initiatives between multiple partners and diverse stakeholders, such as researchers, farmers, foresters, spatial planners, land managers and citizens, who come together to jointly create innovations for commonly agreed goals.

Living labs are established at the territorial, landscape or regional level. They coordinate experiments at multiple sites, such as farms, forests, urban or industrial areas.

Jednogodišnje biljke, uglavnom iz porodice trava, koje daju zrna za hranu, krmivo, sjeme i industrijske svrhe (npr. proizvodnja etanola).